The way that our brain is wired being responsible for how we perceive time is a VERY heavily science fiction-y concept at a glance. Like any good concept though, that's got at some very solid basis in how our language significantly affects how we're able to grasp or perceive lots of things, from
shades of colour, to
math, and even concepts of social interaction and behaviours are affected and even limited by language, because we think in our language and having words for concepts defines our thinking.
Also, because of how weird things get when you try to understand how consciousness and perception actually works and whether things like free will exist, due to things like the fact that
your brain edits and corrects everything that you perceive. So, conceptually, if fate is deterministic, and your active consciousness was able to jump around outside of a strictly linear flow, you'd be experiencing things without specific order without any issues. The science-fictiony bit is really just the ability to learn something out-of-order, but that really comes down to whether or not time itself is linear, or if we just experience it that way. If it's just our
experience of time and time itself is not actually linear, then there's really no issue with perceiving time and things like that out of order.
It's does seem like it's a bit of a leap to suggest that it's something that's capable of being triggered by language, but it's actually not that far fetched of a sci-fi concept, especially for one that's dealing with the nature of communicating with an alien species that doesn't exist within a linear flow of time, and examining the concept of living in a way outside of the restrictions of linear time. Given the right conditions, it's actually really plausible.
(This is probably especially because I'm regularly studying Swedish these days, and after having learned some French & Spanish as a kid, & a decent amount of Japanese in High School/College, I'm getting a better appreciation for how language impacts all sorts of things just in its order, structure, and then in words that're unique to it).
The short story called
"Story of Your Life" that the film itself is based heavily references the
Sapir–Whorf hypothesis which will get you a good summary of all that stuff. I do REALLY want to hunt down and read the original short now though.